\u00d6zbekistan’\u0131n ziyaret\u00e7ilerine zamanda yolculuk yapt\u0131ran tarihi \u015fehirleri Buhara ve Hive, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte \u00fcniversite mahiyetinde kapsaml\u0131 e\u011fitim veren medreseleri ve Orta Asya’da R\u00f6nesans’\u0131 ya\u015fatan ilim insanlar\u0131yla ziyaret\u00e7ilerini b\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n
19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda d\u00f6nemin \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131’n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcne ge\u00e7en \u00d6zbekistan, 1991’de Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli\u011fi’nin (SSCB) da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n
37 milyonu a\u015fk\u0131n n\u00fcfusuyla \u00d6zbekistan, tarihte bir\u00e7ok i\u015fgale u\u011framas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli hanl\u0131\u011fa ev sahipli\u011fi yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zellikle tarihsel a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6neme sahip Buhara ve Hive kentleri, \u00d6zbekistan topraklar\u0131ndaki \u00f6nemli hanl\u0131klardan ikisiydi.<\/p>\n
Harizmi’den \u0130bn-i Sina’ya, Fergani’den \u0130mam Buhari’ye bir\u00e7ok bilim insan\u0131 ve alimin do\u011fup b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Buhara’da ilk “R\u00f6nesans D\u00f6nemi” 10. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fand\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr, ticaret, t\u0131p ve \u00e7e\u015fitli alanlarda geli\u015fmeler oldu.<\/p>\n
Hala aktif medreselerin bulundu\u011fu Buhara’da \u00f6nde gelen bir\u00e7ok e\u011fitim merkezinde \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6nemli alim \u00f6\u011frenciler yeti\u015fti.<\/p>\n
Buhara’n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen alimleri<\/p>\n
Harezm’de do\u011fan ve Ba\u011fdat’ta ya\u015fayan Ebu Cafer Muhammed b. Musa el-Harizmi, matematik, g\u00f6k bilimi, algoritma ve co\u011frafya alanlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00f6nde gelen isimlerden oldu.<\/p>\n
Buhara ise t\u0131p biliminin \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden \u0130bn-i Sina’n\u0131n da do\u011fdu\u011fu yer olarak biliniyor. Felsefe, t\u0131p, matematik ve astronomi gibi alanlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bulunan \u0130bn-i Sina’nin “T\u0131p Prensipleri” adl\u0131 eseri, y\u00fcz y\u0131llarca t\u0131p e\u011fitiminin temel metni olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
Bat\u0131’da “Alfraganus” olarak bilinen Ahmed el-Fergani ise \u00d6zbekistan’\u0131n Fergana b\u00f6lgesinde do\u011fdu. En \u00e7ok “Astronominin Unsurlar\u0131” kitab\u0131yla bilinen Fergani, astronomi ve astroloji alanlar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131larda bulundu.<\/p>\n
Buhara’da do\u011fan \u00f6nemli isimlerin aras\u0131nda \u0130slam dininin b\u00fcy\u00fck hadis alimi \u0130mam Buhari de yer al\u0131yor. \u0130mam Buhari, hayat\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu seyahat ederek ve Ba\u011fdat, Mekke, Medine ve Suriye’de di\u011fer alimlerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n
Buhara’n\u0131n “sad\u0131k halk\u0131”<\/p>\n
D\u00fcmd\u00fcz ve kurak arazinin ortas\u0131nda kurulan ve topra\u011f\u0131na sad\u0131k insanlar\u0131n \u015fehri Buhara, tarihi yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 korumaya devam ediyor. Ya\u015fanan sava\u015flarda saray k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu yok olan Buhara’da \u00f6zellikle eski \u015fehir k\u0131sm\u0131 yeni yap\u0131lar\u0131n uzun ve renkli olmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen kurallarla orijinalli\u011fini koruyor.<\/p>\n
Yap\u0131lar\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra deprem riski ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc engellemesi nedeniyle b\u00fcy\u00fck ve uzun binalar\u0131n in\u015fa edilmesi yasak.<\/p>\n
Do\u011fal su kayna\u011f\u0131 bulunmayan Buhara’ya su, ba\u015fka \u015fehirlerden ve da\u011flardan getiriliyor. \u00c7\u00f6l b\u00f6lgesi oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in yer alt\u0131 sular\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle su daha tuzlu. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte seramik borularla su getirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u015fehrin halk\u0131, kurakl\u0131k ya\u015fansa da topraklar\u0131 terk etmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in “topra\u011fa sad\u0131k” olarak an\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
Buhara’da 10. y\u00fczy\u0131l civar\u0131nda b\u00f6lgenin y\u00f6netimindeki isimlerin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve emirin saray\u0131n\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu “Ark Kalesi”, o d\u00f6nemde \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ve bir\u00e7ok d\u00fckkan\u0131n oldu\u011fu meydana a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n
Kaleyi \u00e7evreleyen surlar ve kap\u0131lar varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korusa da sava\u015flar sonucu di\u011fer yap\u0131lar ve \u00f6zellikle kalenin i\u00e7i zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Bir\u00e7ok yap\u0131 ve eser, arkeologlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla tekrar g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
Eski \u015fehir k\u0131sm\u0131nda bulunan ve Karahanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan 12. y\u00fczy\u0131lda in\u015fa edilen “Kalan Minaresi” ise Cengiz Han’\u0131n i\u015fgali d\u00f6neminde de zarar g\u00f6rmedi.<\/p>\n
Buhara’da aktif medrese bulunuyor<\/p>\n
Buhara’da da \u00d6zbekistan’\u0131n bir\u00e7ok kentinde oldu\u011fu gibi medreseler bulunuyor. Kalan Minaresi de medreselerin yak\u0131n\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor. \u00d6yle ki hala i\u015flevselli\u011fini koruyan ve dini e\u011fitimleri s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Mir-i Arab Medresesi de Kalan Minaresi’nin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettiriyor.<\/p>\n
Kentteki \u00f6nemli yap\u0131lar\u0131n aras\u0131nda 9. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Samanid Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kurucusu \u0130smail Samani’nin t\u00fcrbesi de bulunuyor. T\u00fcrbe, Orta Asya’da 10. y\u00fczy\u0131lda in\u015fa edilen ve hala korunan tek yap\u0131 olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
Samani’nin “Buhara’da kral oldu\u011fum s\u00fcrece Buhara’y\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in sur olaca\u011f\u0131m ve her y\u0131l duvarlar\u0131 tamir etmek zorunda kalmayacaks\u0131n\u0131z.” ifadelerini kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6yleniyor. O d\u00f6nemde \u00e7ok\u00e7a \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fanmas\u0131 ve hava \u015fartlar\u0131 nedeniyle surlar\u0131n tamirinin her y\u0131l insan g\u00fcc\u00fc dahil bir\u00e7ok maliyeti oluyordu.<\/p>\n
Tarihi ya\u015fatan Hive<\/p>\n
Hive, \u00f6zellikle eski \u015fehirdeki korunan yap\u0131s\u0131yla ziyaret\u00e7ilerine zamanda yolculuk yapm\u0131\u015f gibi hissettiriyor.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zbekistan’da bulunan 12 vilayetin aras\u0131nda en eskilerden biri Harezm, “g\u00fcne\u015fli \u015fehir” anlam\u0131na geliyor. Harezm’de en eski ve hala ya\u015fam\u0131n oldu\u011fu \u015fehirlerden biri ise Hive. 1997’de \u015fehrin 2 bin 500’\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc kutlanan Hive, “en eski \u015fehir” olarak an\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
Hala ya\u015fam\u0131n bulundu\u011fu \u015fehir olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni ise ge\u00e7mi\u015ften bu yana yerli halk\u0131n ya\u015famas\u0131.<\/p>\n
Hive \u015fehri, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131yor, bu ayr\u0131m\u0131 da surlar sa\u011fl\u0131yor ve 4 ana giri\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131 bulunuyor. \u015eehrin i\u00e7 taraf\u0131, 1990’da Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler E\u011fitim, Bilim ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn (UNESCO) D\u00fcnya Miras Listesi’ne girdi.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u00e7inde \u00e7ok fazla mavi ve kahverengi bina bulunuyor. Mavi binalar tarihi ve \u015fu anda 58 tarihi yap\u0131 bulunuyor. 58’den 26’s\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n medrese oldu\u011fu biliniyor.<\/p>\n
Kahverengi binalar\u0131n ise tamam\u0131 yerli halk\u0131n konutlar\u0131. \u015eehrin merkezinde yaln\u0131zca tarihi binalar bulunurken halk\u0131n evleri, \u015fehrin g\u00fcneyinde ve kuzeyinde yer al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
Medreseden otele<\/p>\n
Hive’de Orta Asya’daki en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve g\u00fczel medrese olarak bilinen 130 odal\u0131 Muhammed Emin Han Medresesi bulunuyor. Kentte 1846-1855 y\u0131llar\u0131nda hanl\u0131k yapan Muhammed Emin Han, bu medresesin in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in emir verdi.<\/p>\n
Medrese, Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde otel olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131 ve ziyaret\u00e7iler ge\u00e7mi\u015fte \u00f6\u011frencilerin e\u011fitim ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, alimlerin bulundu\u011fu odalarda kalma deneyimine eri\u015febiliyor.<\/p>\n
Medresenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ise 100 metre olmas\u0131 planlanan ancak in\u015fas\u0131 tamamlanamay\u0131p 28 metre olarak kalan Kalta Minor (K\u0131sa Minare) bulunuyor.<\/p>\n
Muhammed Rahim Han Medresesi ise 1864-1910 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Hive’yi y\u00f6neten II. Muhammed Rahim Han taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edildi. Muhammed Rahim Han, halk taraf\u0131ndan \u015fairli\u011fi nedeniyle “Feruz Han” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n
Hive, \u0130slam Hoca Minaresi, \u015eergazihan Medresesi ve Pehlivan Mahmud T\u00fcrbesi gibi \u00f6nemli tarihi yerlere de ev sahipli\u011fi yap\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
En eski cami: Cuma Camisi<\/p>\n
Hive’de bulunan ve 10. y\u00fczy\u0131lda in\u015fa edilen Cuma Camisi, halk taraf\u0131ndan en eski ve b\u00fcy\u00fck cami olarak nitelendiriliyor. Cami, her hafta cuma namazlar\u0131nda 5 bin ki\u015fiyi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
Cuma Camisi’nde ah\u015fap ve i\u015flemeli 213 s\u00fctun bulunuyor. Her birinin i\u015flemesi birbirinden farkl\u0131 213 s\u00fctunun aras\u0131nda 6’s\u0131 en eskileri olarak biliniyor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Buhara ve Hive, tarihi medreseleri ve bilim insanlar\u0131yla \u00d6zbekistan’\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131yor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7156,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,4,13],"tags":[1688,1690,1691,1689,587],"class_list":["post-7155","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel","category-gundem","category-son-dakika","tag-buhara","tag-han","tag-hive","tag-medrese","tag-yapi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bihavadis.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7155","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bihavadis.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bihavadis.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bihavadis.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bihavadis.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7155"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/bihavadis.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7155\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7157,"href":"https:\/\/bihavadis.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7155\/revisions\/7157"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bihavadis.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7156"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bihavadis.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7155"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bihavadis.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7155"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bihavadis.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7155"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}